{"id":1394,"date":"2010-10-12T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-10-12T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/queme.org\/all\/all\/cu-hi-11-15\/"},"modified":"2016-09-09T13:44:41","modified_gmt":"2016-09-09T13:44:41","slug":"cu-hi-11-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/cu-hi-11-15\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9\r\n<\/i> : C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi 11-15"},"content":{"rendered":"

11. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7\u00a0: Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m, theo \u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i\u00a0:<\/strong> V\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e1c-x\u00edt. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp thu qua l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh 2000 n\u0103m so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u h\u01a1n khuy\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec3m khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u00dd th\u1ee9c Dung h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/em>. C\u1ee5 Phan Kh\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd th\u1ee9c dung h\u00f3a kh\u00e1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o t\u1eb1m \u0103n l\u00e1 d\u00e2u nh\u1ea3 ra t\u01a1, voi \u0103n b\u00e3 m\u00eda ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1t ra ph\u00e2n. T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u00fd th\u1ee9c dung h\u00f3a l\u00e0 con t\u1eb1m.<\/p>\n

T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef v\u00ed von kh\u00e1 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0: Ta v\u1ec1 ta t\u1eafm ao ta\/ D\u00f9 trong d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee5c ao nh\u00e0 v\u1eabn h\u01a1n.<\/em> C\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chan ch\u1ee9a t\u00ecnh qu\u00ea nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p. T\u1eeb ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f3 ra n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh xuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee9 quanh qu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u201cao nh\u00e0\u201d xem ra b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i \u201cao nh\u00e0\u201d chan ch\u1ee9a t\u00ecnh qu\u00ea, nay bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u00c2u C\u01a1 \u2013 L\u1ea1c Long qu\u00e2n chia 50 con l\u00ean n\u00fai, 50 con xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (n\u00fai) v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (bi\u1ec3n). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa tim v\u00e0 \u00f3c \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i v\u1edbi vong th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, chia r\u1ebd, tranh ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u1ecfi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u1ecfi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 x\u01b0a, khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 v\u00ec gi\u1edbi C\u01b0 s\u0129 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y c\u00fang, th\u00ec s\u0129 phu Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111i h\u1ecdc T\u00e0u, r\u1ea5t ch\u0103m v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 t\u00edn. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX s\u0129 phu Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebb ra hai gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi cho T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebb ra m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Gandhi b\u00ean \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam trang qu\u00e1. Nghi\u00eam trang \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, r\u1ed3i quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00f3a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng xa l\u1ea1, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n n\u01a1i mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd. Khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n d\u00e2n. Ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm gi\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u00e0o, t\u1ef1 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Do v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh xung l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u (Tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m ngoi \u0111\u00edt v\u1ecbt \/ D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u1eed ng\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ed3ng)<\/em>. H\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2m ch\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hai m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t chi nh\u00e0 Nho, h\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn v\u1eb7t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn. X\u00e0i l\u00e2u qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u1ecdn ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, nay quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm nhau trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng nhau. Nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1ecb d\u00e2n ta x\u00fac xi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u00e0n h\u1eb7c, \u00e1c kh\u1ea9u, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1eedi<\/em> b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebfn ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1 l\u1ef5 t\u1ee5c t\u1eb1n, th\u00e0nh bia mi\u1ec7ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \/ G\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb9 ch\u1edb ho\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1 nhau<\/em>.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7u mong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t L\u1ed7 T\u1ea5n, m\u1ed9t B\u00e1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t Cervant\u00e8s. L\u1ed7 T\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e2n bi\u00ean (Chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i)<\/em>, B\u00e1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung qu\u1ed1c x\u1ea5u x\u00ed<\/em>, Cervant\u00e8s c\u1ee7a Don Quichotte<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7t – t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng si\u00eau v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (Grenzsituation).<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/font><\/span><\/div>\n

12. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7\u00a0: \u00d4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u00ean\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i\u00a0:<\/strong> Ch\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng\u00a0? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1edbi l\u1ee5m ca l\u1ee5m c\u1ee5m ph\u00e1t huy \u201cNgo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u201d<\/em> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i lai T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 5.1997, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u1eafc \u00c2u v\u1ec1 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Copenhagen, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, c\u00f9ng Trung t\u00e2m Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0110an M\u1ea1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110an M\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i lu\u1eadn \u201cNh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u201d<\/strong> m\u1eddi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Anh, B\u1eafc \u00c2u, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Hoa K\u1ef3, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u00dac \u0111\u1ebfn tham lu\u1eadn. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u201cHuman Rights and Asian Values in Vietnam\u201d<\/em> (Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam) s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho ch\u1ecb. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u1edbi 13 tham lu\u1eadn in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch \u201cHuman Rights and Asian Values, Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia\u201d<\/em> do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Curzon Press \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Anh qu\u1ed1c, n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\u00a0: \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quy\u1ec1n Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang n\u01a1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/em> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong ngh\u0129a v\u0169<\/em> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, tr\u1ee5<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec th\u1ebf<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, gi\u1edbi<\/em> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, hai ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n LHQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1948, manh nha v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p 1789 v\u00e0 1793, t\u1eeb Glorious Revolution \/ Bill of Rights c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1688 – 1689, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1776.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n ba ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong 6 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (g\u1ed3m 3 c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh – c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi, c\u00f5i A Tu La, c\u00f5i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi – v\u00e0 3 c\u00f5i \u00e1c – S\u00fac sinh, Qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c). Khi Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n \u201cTa l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh\u201d<\/strong>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m. Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y. V\u00ec c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi sung s\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00ean gi\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3i, c\u00f5i s\u00fac sinh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 l\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Tam t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u2013 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba Nh\u00e2n \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf trung gian, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, vua n\u00ean xem nh\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu\u201d<\/em> (D\u00e2n vi qu\u00fd, qu\u00e2n vi khinh, x\u00e3 t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 chi) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Quy\u1ec1n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 Trung qu\u1ed1c, B\u1eafc H\u00e0n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, M\u00e3 Lai c\u1ee7a Mahathir\u2026 cao gi\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u201cNgo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u201d<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt b\u1ebf m\u00f4n t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n x\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 LHQ tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Quy\u1ec1n Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Xin l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean LHQ t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a LHQ. H\u00e0 c\u1edb g\u00ec ch\u1eef k\u00fd ch\u01b0a r\u00e1o m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc LHQ khi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u00a0? \u00d4ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Mahathir c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Lai c\u00f2n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f2i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u00a0! C\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xem khinh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0? Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng-c\u00f3-con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng trong t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0 lu\u1eadn chung c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng k\u00edch theo hai ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u2013 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft d\u00e0i l\u00e2u, qua m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u00f4ng Ren\u00e9 Cassin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng quy chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0: hai b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p (1789 v\u00e0 1793) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n\u00a0; Habeas corpus<\/em> c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1679\u00a0; v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em> c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1776.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u00ean c\u00f4ng lao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a 40 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ghi trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng LHQ c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1945 t\u1ea1i San Francisco \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n s\u01a1 b\u1ed9. Trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a 6 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1 cao Quy\u1ec1n Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n sau n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a theo v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a 40 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u00f4ng Ren\u00e9 Cassin th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18. Sau \u0111\u1ea5y, LHQ cho thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 U\u1ef7 h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang 1946 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ed3m 9 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 29.4 \u0111\u1ebfn 20.5.46, do phu nh\u00e2n c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, Eleanor Roosevelt, ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Ren\u00e9 Cassin (Ph\u00e1p), Charles Malik (Liban), Peng-Chun Chang (h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Trung hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La tinh. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi 18 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 27.1 \u0111\u1ebfn 17.2.1947, b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 4 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u1eefa m\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n y ng\u00e0y 10.12.1948, l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ng\u00e0y nay\u00a0<\/a>(10)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\"C\u00e1c<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o do U\u1ef7 ban B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Quy\u1ec1n L\u00e0m Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam thu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean \u1edf Gen\u00e8ve h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n LHQ h\u1ecdp, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cNh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n & Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u201d<\/strong>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Ngu\u1ef5 Kinh Sinh (Trung qu\u1ed1c), Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Jose Ramos-Horta, V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i (Vi\u1ec7t Nam), Haung Htun (Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n), Lobsang Nyandak (T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng).<\/font><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
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\"Nh\u1eadt<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o Le Monde<\/em> t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o do Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf LHQ<\/font><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\nNh\u1edd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tha thi\u1ebft y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 \u00f3c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 linh m\u1eabn, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb nghi\u1ebfn n\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3t s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i hay ph\u00e1t x\u00edt nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba x\u1ea9y ra qua Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, gi\u1edbi qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n \u00c1 ch\u00e2u t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u00e0 r\u00eau rao. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Peng-Chun Chang \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh th\u00e2m thu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb \u201cNh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m\u201d (Dignity) v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng trong ngh\u0129a b\u1ed5 sung s\u1ef1 cao \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1i T\u1eadp trung C\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 t\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 nh\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng-c\u00f3-con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u00a0?\u00a0! V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng LHQ n\u0103m 1948, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 5 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u Ba Lan, Belarus, Tchecoslovaquie, Ukraine v\u00e0 Yougoslavie b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u1eafng v\u00ec ch\u00ea Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u201cl\u1ed7i th\u1eddi\u201d, \u201cl\u1ea1c h\u1eadu\u201d. Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Arabie Saoudite v\u00e0 Nam Phi. Arabie Saoudite kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ki\u1ec3u s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u00f2n Nam Phi cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Olivier Oldman \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Havard, Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft\u00a0: \u201cVi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi L\u00ea, th\u1eddi vua ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00e1c-x\u00edt H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi \u201clu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao tr\u00ed t\u1ec7\u201d\u00a0:<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi L\u00ea, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u 2 v\u1ec1 Th\u1eadp \u00e1c, t\u1ee9c 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, th\u00ec ti\u1ebft 1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u01b0u m\u00f4 l\u00e0m nguy \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 t\u1eafc, ti\u1ebft 3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i m\u01b0u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ee9c m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc theo gi\u1eb7c. Ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1eddi L\u00ea li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 t\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n th\u1eddi nay, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y li\u00ean quan ri\u00eang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan chi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 x\u00e3 t\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1edd l\u1ea1y \u00f4ng M\u00e1c, \u00f4ng Mao, \u00f4ng L\u00eanin.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u 3 trong Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi L\u00ea quy \u0111\u1ecbnh 8 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed9i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t ngh\u1ecb, th\u00ec c\u00f3 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u1edbn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n<\/em>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1edbn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb n\u0103ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea7n<\/em>. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y nay, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, th\u00ec ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ecf t\u00f9, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, chuy\u00ean gia, v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ai. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 cho t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 g\u1ecdi d\u1ea1 b\u1ea3o v\u00e2ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u 16 trong Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi L\u00ea, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 70 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 15 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ebf t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m khinh, cho ph\u00e9p chu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 thay t\u1ed9i\u00a0; t\u1eeb 80 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 10 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eafc t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2u vua x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i\u00a0; t\u1eeb 90 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 7 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y nay d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3, th\u00ec gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn 90 tu\u1ed5i, 80 tu\u1ed5i, 70 tu\u1ed5i, tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn 15 tu\u1ed5i, 10 tu\u1ed5i, 7 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng tay, v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00f9 m\u00fat m\u00f9a. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i C\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1i Xu\u00e2n L\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, run r\u1ea9y 70, 80 tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang ch\u1ebft m\u00f2n. C\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu nhi, t\u1eeb b\u00e9 s\u01a1 sinh \u0111\u1ebfn 9, 10 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y, n\u1ed9i dung nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i lai m\u00e1c-x\u00edt l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

13. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7\u00a0: \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ecdng S\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i\u00a0:<\/strong> Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 H\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>, t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Platon \u0111\u1ebfn Marx. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u00f4ng-C\u00f3-Con-Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n sinh lo\u00e0i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ecbu m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c h\u1eadu s\u1ea3n ra n\u00f3. N\u00f3 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u th\u1ebf m\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n sinh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/em> (\u015a\u016bnyat\u0101) Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u01b0 v\u00f4\u00a0<\/a>(11)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi Lenine \u0111em ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Bolchevik \u1edf Nga, r\u1ed3i k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi Staline, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00fat m\u00e1u, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 – Voyoucratie<\/em> – t\u1eadp trung v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Marx \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho con g\u00e1i Laura m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u00fa khi ta \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\u00a0: \u201c\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cha v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngoan ngo\u00e3n ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng (submission) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1eadt m\u00e0 cha gh\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n (servility)\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi\u00a0: l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng b\u00e9t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, 70, ng\u00e0y nay t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu sau c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Singapore, Th\u00e1i Lan\u2026 \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1n l\u00ean trong th\u1eddi gian chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2006 r\u1eb1ng\u00a0: \u201cPh\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngay trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ASEAN, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thua Th\u00e1i Lan kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau GDP t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d\u00a0!<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t kho\u00e1i khoe s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau GDP<\/strong> (Gross Domestic Product, T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong>) t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00cdt khi, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh theo s\u1ef1 an sinh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u00a0!<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Bhutan \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u1eaft cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m. Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103m \u0111\u0103m chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1972, trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m, v\u00ec vua c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n<\/strong> (Gross National Happiness, GNH<\/strong>). \u00dd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t song song v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh. B\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 cho T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0\u00a0: 1. duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0; 2. b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n ho\u00e1\u00a0; 3. b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh th\u00e1i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u00a0; v\u00e0 4. thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n (good governance).<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay LHQ c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Bhutan n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f9ng. H\u00e3y nghe \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, l\u00fac c\u00f2n b\u00ed danh Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ng\u00e0y 13.10.1923 t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 7 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf M\u1ea1c T\u01b0 Khoa\u00a0: \u201cT\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i\u00a0; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb M\u00e1txc\u01a1va \u0111\u1ebfn P\u00eat\u01a1r\u00f4gr\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u00e9m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0o t\u00f9. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan cai tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p\u201d.<\/em> H\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2009 xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay kh\u00f4ng\u00a0? C\u00f3 g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u00a0!<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc Lu\u1eadt hay Khoa h\u1ecdc Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00e3y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3o \u201cB\u1ea3n \u00e1n Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n\u201d<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n ta b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec nay d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1eb3ng nh\u00fac nh\u00edch bao nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u201cB\u1ea3n \u00e1n Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n\u201d do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb trong H\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u00c1i qu\u1ed1c Annam<\/em> (Association des Patriotes Annamites) g\u1ed3m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Phan Chu Trinh, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n, v.v\u2026 \u1edf Paris so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

14. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7\u00a0: B\u00e2y gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba qua nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i\u00a0:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eeba sai c\u1ee7a hai kh\u1ed1i T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, n\u00f3i chi t\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Bi k\u1ecbch th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean Nam B\u1eafc l\u00ean t\u1edbi 8 tri\u1ec7u (l\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n), ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, r\u1eebng n\u00fai, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Singapore, \u2026 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 ta c\u1ee9 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n h\u00e3o\u00a0? Cho n\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111au n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Cu\u1ed9c va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVI r\u1ed3i Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebb ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c theo T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi s\u0129 phu d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e3nh vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 ta ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Singapore, Nam H\u00e0n, \u0110\u00e0i Loan.<\/p>\n

Bi k\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u anh h\u00f9ng, li\u1ec7t s\u0129, khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng h\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n anh h\u00f9ng\u00a0? Ho\u00e1 ra anh h\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed3i nh\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1eed th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebb ra gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m khuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3, tay sai, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng 1945 \u1eadp t\u1edbi, c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u1ed1c gia tan v\u1ee1, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf cho nh\u1eefng tay m\u01a1 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n thao t\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c Anh, ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, Anh qu\u1ed1c ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1edbi c\u1ea5p l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady sau bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp hay \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u01a1 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1eed t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c<\/font><\/span><\/div>\n

15. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7\u00a0: \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Sinh Th\u1ee9c V\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/em>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u00a0? \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y v\u1edbi mong \u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec\u00a0? V\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i\u00a0:<\/strong> Ba l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Sinh Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc ch\u00ed Nam c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, ca t\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u2026 t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y n\u00ean b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh xem d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n tr\u00ean h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u khi t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 b\u00e0i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c khi cho ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n Du, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f3 th\u1eddi h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, r\u1ed3i Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, v.v\u2026 Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed5 v\u0103n, l\u00e0m t\u00f4i x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 \u00fd h\u1ecd khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed1t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng cho Li\u00ean X\u00f4, l\u00e0m l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea cho Li\u00ean X\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd chi\u1ebfn, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebb ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t Gandhi, m\u1ed9t Nerhu nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i nh\u1edb h\u1ed3i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 khi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong Ban qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb ng\u00f4i Ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf do t\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh Paris thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong r\u1eebng Vincennes bi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 Paris, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Jean Sainteny, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch \u201cHistoire dune Paix manqu\u00e9e\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0 \u201cFace \u00e0 Ho Chi Minh\u201d<\/em>. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ban qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb ch\u00f9a, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c phe kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng De Gaulle trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn hai, d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 45 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Th\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u00f4i c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u00f4ng thu t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng Sainteny n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9ng l\u00e1 b\u00e0i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho Li\u00ean X\u00f4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\"\u00d4ng<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u00d4ng Jean Sainteny v\u00e0 \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Ph\u00e1p ngo\u00e0i V\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1 Long n\u0103m 1945.<\/font><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\nH\u01a1n ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m sau, t\u00f4i b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n trong s\u00e1ch \u201cDuel Rouge\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Missoffe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa 200 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng 800 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u. \u1ede ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Missoffe ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1945. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00edch h\u00f3a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7 tam th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Ta n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1945, th\u00ec m\u1edbi t\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Cuba, Ai C\u1eadp, Angola, v.v\u2026 V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Fran\u00e7ois Missoffe\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u201cCh\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u1eadt d\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. Ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf b\u00ean trong. Hai l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kho nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169. \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cGiai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o hay ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, hai ba ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc J\u00e9sus-Christ \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, c\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp s\u1ebd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean\u2026 Th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf Sorbonne. C\u0169ng d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c du h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u khao kh\u00e1t tham ch\u00ednh.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n chi. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai\u00a0: \u00dd th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u1ed5 ra tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c anh kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1ed5 ra kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c anh \u1edf xa h\u1eadu c\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn\u00a0: c\u00e1c anh bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u00f2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i [tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u].<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t khi thu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1ebb trung c\u00f2n mong manh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn theo m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. Quanh c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u00a0?Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p quanh m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, hay quanh m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u1ede \u00c1 ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t keo d\u00ednh k\u1ebft. \u00dd th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u2026 L\u00e0m sao li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p\u00a0? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d. (Duel Rouge, Fran\u00e7ois Missoffe, NXB Ramsay, Paris, 1977, tr. 33).<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5. Ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nan \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Cho n\u00ean khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, s\u1edd m\u00f3, xem t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 g\u00ec, th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u00a0? L\u00e0m sao tho\u00e1t ly th\u1ee9 Praxis<\/em> manh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u00a0? Trong c\u00f9ng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n kinh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Praj\u0101\u00f1\u0101par\u0101mita h\u0157dayas\u016btra \/ Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t \u2013 Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5<\/strong><\/em>. T\u00e0u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt \u0110a T\u00e2m kinh.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean, sinh vi\u00ean, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u201cT\u00e2m ph\u00e1p\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i khai tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3n thi\u00eang s\u00f4ng n\u00fai.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do th\u1ee9 ba, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u00e1c-x\u00edt \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft xong n\u0103m 1971 t\u00f4i mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf Saigon nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. Nh\u01b0ng anh Thanh Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 An Ti\u00eam tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n, ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do g\u00ec\u00a0? B\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o g\u1eedi ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tri \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c anh Qu\u00e1ch T\u1ea5n, Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea, B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng, V\u0169 Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 anh M\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ed7, m\u1ed9t tri \u00e2m kh\u00e1c, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 xin t\u00f4i giao quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n nhu\u1eadn b\u00fat kh\u00e1 h\u1eadu h\u0129. T\u00f4i bi\u00ean th\u01b0 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Thanh Tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng anh ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ee9ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 giao k\u00e8o g\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, m\u00e0 Thanh Tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed B\u00e1ch Khoa c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1981 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho Con T\u00e0u ra Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n (T\u00e0u \u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng) t\u00f4i b\u1ecb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng trong \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u201cqu\u1ed1c gia\u201d \u1edf Paris ph\u00e1. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 in c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf Paris l\u00e2u nay t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 in t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch bi\u00ean gia s\u1ea3n. V\u00e0o l\u00fac x\u00e9 l\u00f2ng \u1ea5y t\u00f4i m\u1edbi ngh\u0129 chuy\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Sinh Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/em> nh\u01b0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. Sau t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n hai l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o 1985, 1992.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd vo tr\u00f2n theo lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u00e1c \u2013 L\u00ea, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u0169 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ed3ng Phong, Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u, v.v\u2026 qu\u00e1 sai l\u1ec7ch, nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u00d4ng H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba cu\u1ed9c Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc sang l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec t\u1ecf r\u00f5 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt M\u00e1c-L\u00ea ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i \u00f4ng T\u1ea5n vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em> n\u0103m 1965 v\u1ec1 100 c\u1ed9t kinh Ph\u1eadt do Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0110inh Li\u1ec5n sai kh\u1eafc n\u0103m Qu\u00fd D\u1eadu (973) m\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i khai qu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Hoa L\u01b0 n\u0103m 1963, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u ngay n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc suy t\u00e0n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t huy ho\u00e0ng n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o L\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt uy\u00ean th\u00e2m nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u1eedu Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Kha, Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Thu\u1eadt, v.v\u2026 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nay gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o qua b\u1ea3n \u00f4ng T\u1ea5n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u00f4n th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e0 la ni<\/em>. N\u00ean t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 M\u00e1c x\u00edt mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 s\u00e1ch Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecb h\u1ecfi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u00a0?<\/em> T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 tin quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u1edf nh\u1eefng giai k\u1ef3 sinh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc treo tr\u00ean s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0nh, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u x\u01b0a \u0111\u00eam n\u1eb1m gi\u01b0\u1eddng gai, m\u1ed7i s\u00e1ng ra n\u1ebfm m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i ch\u00ed, t\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o thay v\u00ec t\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 b\u00e0ng quan hay \u0111i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb cho ngo\u1ea1i bang.<\/p>\n

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<\/a>(10)<\/a> Xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef \u201cNh\u1eefng Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a LHQ nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d<\/strong>, NXB Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Quy\u1ec1n L\u00e0m Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Paris, 2001. <\/p>\n

<\/a>(11)<\/a> Xem \u201cKinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea Tr\u1eeb Kh\u1ed5\u201d<\/strong>, Thi V\u0169 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n kinh ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n Praj\u0101\u00f1\u0101par\u0101mita h\u0157dayas\u016btra<\/strong>, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n R\u1eebng Tr\u00fac, Paris 1973.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

11. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7\u00a0: Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m, theo \u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia\u00a0? V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i\u00a0: V\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":458,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-sach-cua-vo-van-ai"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/458"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1394"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1394\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}