H\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng \u2014 Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi T\u1ea3 khuynh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u :<\/strong> T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed World Affairs (Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi V\u1ee5)<\/span><\/a> ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, n\u0103m 1837, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Hoa K\u1ef3. Kh\u00e1ch mua b\u00e1o gi\u1ea5y d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 To\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c Vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 12 ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 mua b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Email, 100 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc qua Facebook, v\u00e0 40 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i qua Twitter c\u1ee7a World Affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng, Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi T\u1ea3 khuynh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d<\/em> – Isle of Light : A Look Back at the Boat People and the European Left<\/strong>, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng Ba v\u00e0 T\u01b0 n\u0103m 2014<\/span><\/a> c\u1ee7a World Affairs, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng James S. Denton, Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cTh\u00eam v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng ban th\u00eam c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Vi\u1ec7t Nam V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4 Paris n\u0103m 1978, khi tin t\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb m\u1eafc c\u1ea1n tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n M\u00e3 Lai m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn. H\u1ecd tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u00ean Mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ba n\u0103m, sau cu\u1ed9c r\u00fat qu\u00e2n nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ch\u1ebft ch\u00ecm tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9 gulag c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1eeba thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn 1985. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng, b\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ecf qu\u00ean, chi\u1ebfu r\u1ef1c v\u00e0o t\u1ea5n th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch. V\u00e0o l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng trong d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1ea3 khuynh tung chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1edbt v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng \u201cthuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n\u201d n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi t\u1ea3 khuynh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tham gia n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. \u0110i\u1ec1u suy ngh\u0129 can \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2014 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang trong ngh\u0129a c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 trong ngh\u0129a kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef h\u00f4m nay, nh\u1eb1m cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft th\u00eam c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean World Affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1978, \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong qu\u00e1n C\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ean b\u1edd t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Seine, b\u1ed7ng nghe tin loan 2564 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n c\u1eadp b\u1edd M\u00e3 Lai tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u han g\u1ec9 H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong ni\u1ec1m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Sau m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00f9i d\u1eadp trong b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, khi th\u00ec n\u00f3ng ch\u00e1y nung ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd c\u1eadp b\u1edd Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i M\u00e3 Lai, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u00ednh g\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n xua \u0111u\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. K\u1eb9t l\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ed3n c\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd \u0111ang ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta khi gi\u0103ng t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u00ean h\u00f4ng t\u00e0u : \u201cLHQ \u01a1i ! H\u00e3y c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975, khi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u201cgi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u201d Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn dai d\u1eb3ng, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t xa cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. N\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf th\u00e2n \u2014 v\u00ec ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i, v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng c\u00e1 m\u1eadp, hay b\u1ecb h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c h\u00e3m gi\u1ebft trong v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fa \u00fd bao l\u0103m chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t n\u00e0y, ai ai c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7i tay v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0ng con t\u00e0u H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean t\u1ea5n th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n sinh n\u01a1i ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0. Uy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef \u201cthuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n\u201d tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1ebd ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111i trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng khi Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Thi\u1ec7u \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin trong hy v\u1ecdng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p tay t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f4i. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Paris h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i hung \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc h\u1eb5n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng ai m\u1eafc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f2n tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng cho m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0o sai l\u1ea7m h\u01a1n. T\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00e0nh ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n : b\u1ecdn ng\u1ee5\u1ef5 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ecdn ngu\u1ef5 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec1u \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp cu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u201ctr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o\u201d ph\u1ee7 tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n Nam, m\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 sai, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Lao c\u1ea3i<\/em> b\u00ean T\u00e0u. Kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u00f9a \u0111i nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan r\u1ed3i binh l\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, sinh vi\u00ean, n\u00f4ng gia, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbp k\u00e9o nhau v\u00e0o \u201ctr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o\u201d. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh mang \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng cho hai tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00fat m\u00f9a hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do khi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ki\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft khi t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 <\/a>[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f9 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 hai tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn 1985 <\/a>[2]<\/a>. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh <\/a>[3]<\/a>, v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i, ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c, hay \u0111au \u1ed1m kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed1c men trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f9 ng\u1ee5c Gulag Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i Kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi l\u00e0m v\u1eadt tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9n d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Trung v\u00e0 Kampuchia. Ai ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u00e1 r\u1ed1i an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia <\/a>[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1978 \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng con t\u00e0u H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edf \u0111i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu. Tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n bi th\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i hay chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00f4n nhau c\u1eaft r\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nay Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u1ecb Claudie v\u00e0 anh Jacques Broyelle, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u Mao-\u00edt m\u1edbi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Trung qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1eafc Kinh ; Alain Geismar, c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 sinh vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 1968 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m lung lay ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 De Gaulle t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ; v\u00e0 Andr\u00e9 Glucksmann <\/a>[5]<\/a>, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t t\u00e2n tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n nung n\u1ea5u trong nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 mang n\u1eb7ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea3 khuynh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ai c\u00f2n \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecdp nhau v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec cho l\u1edbp Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, Paris l\u00e0 b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ly khai Li\u00ean x\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1976, t\u00f4i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 samizdat<\/em> c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 cho phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ly khai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebb h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. N\u1eef thi s\u0129 Nga Natalya Gorbanevskaya <\/a>[6]<\/a>, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Leonid Plyushch <\/a>[7]<\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Ukraine, v\u00e0 Vladimir Bukovsky <\/a>[8]<\/a> tham gia cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n L\u1ed7 M\u00e3 Ni, Paul Goma, vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 s\u1ed1 Qu\u1ed1c Kh\u00e1ng 30 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 n\u0103m 1978 r\u1eb1ng : \u201cNgay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi phu qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Bucharest c\u00f2n th\u1ea5u t\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi \u0111ang x\u1ea9y ra t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m m\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u01a1n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ly khai kh\u1eafn kh\u00edt b\u1ea3o b\u1ecdc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ea3 khuynh. Th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Paris, Berlin, Washington, Tokyo\u2026 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u00f4 g\u00e0o ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh m\u1ea5y n\u0103m x\u01b0a \u1ea5y, l\u1ea1i im l\u1eb7ng thin th\u00edt khi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ebft \u00e2m th\u1ea7m trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o hay ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea3 khuynh ch\u1eb3ng sao ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u201canh h\u00f9ng li\u1ec7t s\u0129\u201d chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho t\u1ef1 do th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201ctay sai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9\u201d \u0111ang ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi t\u1ea3 khuynh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1978 t\u1ea1i Paris, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng phong tr\u00e0o nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n. T\u1ed1i h\u00f4m sau ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p s\u1eed gia Ilios Yannakakis trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n h\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Saint Michel, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ra tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o kh\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1eef k\u00fd h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n v\u1ee5 H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. \u0110ang c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Bernard-Henri Levy \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng To\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Paris. Ch\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1eadt ra \u2014 t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u ra Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n ? Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t U\u1ef7 ban th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngay, c\u1eed nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1eef Claudie Broyelle l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u201cM\u1ed9t Chi\u1ebfc T\u00e0u Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m \u1ea5y, 1978, ch\u00fang g\u1eedi \u0111i l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng :<\/p>\n\n\n\n SOS \u2013 M\u1ed9t Chi\u1ebfc T\u00e0u Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2564 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u H\u00e0i H\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd v\u1eeba r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc bao hi\u1ec3m nguy t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u1ee9u h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp h\u1ecd, ta h\u00e3y tin l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i. V\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1edbi Kuala-Lumpur \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean t\u00e0u H\u00e0i H\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i lo chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 con t\u00e0u H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n ch\u00eanh v\u00eanh tr\u00ean b\u00e3o t\u00e1p gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ch\u00ecm, b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1ebft. .. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u00ecm cho ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. V\u00e0 h\u00e3y l\u00e0m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa : H\u00e3y t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u01a1i c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0 v\u1edbt h\u1ecd \u2014 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam hy sinh th\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng, d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lo toan c\u1ee9u c\u1ea5p t\u1ee9c th\u00ec. Nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft : M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc phao c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng, m\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a ph\u00f2 nguy. \u0110\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfp thu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i k\u00fd t\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, xin \u0111em th\u00e2n quy h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Paris, ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1978<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0o l\u00fac U\u1ef7 ban \u201cM\u1ed9t Chi\u1ebfc T\u00e0u Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1978, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 160 ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i danh h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Danh s\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c si\u00eau sao \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u2014 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u1ea9m nang Whos Who<\/em> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Paris : Yves Montand, Brigitte Bardot, Simone Signoret, Simone de Beauvoir, Mstislav Rostropovich, Eugene Ionesco, Lionel Jospin, Michel Rocard, Jean Lacouture (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh), Michel Foucault, Claude Mauriac, Olivier Todd, Jean Fran\u00e7ois Revel, Bernard Kouchner\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1945, hai tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng Raymond Aron v\u00e0 Jean-Paul Sartre, c\u00f3 th\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho Staline \u2014 g\u1eb7p nhau n\u01a1i l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o do U\u1ef7 ban Con T\u00e0u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean nhau \u2014 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u1eddi h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nhau ng\u1ed3i chung trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf Paris. Sartre, k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 cu\u1ed3ng hung ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam do C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n gi\u1eadt d\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec \u201cngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n\u201d, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. L\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Sartre mang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. V\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Sartre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ea3 khuynh Paris th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd : \u201cTh\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1edbi Sartre c\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u1edbi Aron\u201d. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u201cCon T\u00e0u Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d m\u1edbm cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed1i kh\u1ea9n nguy hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. L\u00fac ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecdp nhau v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1978, m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd c\u00f3 55 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n c\u1eadp b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n M\u00e3 Lai, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Theo Cao u\u1ef7 T\u1ecb n\u1ea1n LHQ, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n r\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp c\u01b0 \u1edf M\u00e3 Lai, Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n v\u1ee1 ra. B\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u00e3 Lai, Mahatir Mohamad, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7nh \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n ra bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1eafc lu\u1eadt ban h\u00e0nh cho ph\u00e9p b\u1eafn v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai quay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o b\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng ai t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ni\u1ec1m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb l\u00e2m l\u1ee5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a con t\u00e0u \u0111i v\u1edbt b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 Olivier Todd l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o Express<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u cho \u0111\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n T\u00e9l\u00e9 7 Jours<\/em>, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eedi t\u1edbi, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 n\u00e0o. M\u1ed5i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng to\u00e0 so\u1ea1n Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 \u1edf Gennevilliers, ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 b\u1eafc Paris, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m tr\u0103m b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Gennevilliers n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, trong v\u00f2ng \u201c\u0111ai \u0111\u1ecf\u201d bao quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris, \u00f4ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y vui c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n h\u0103m do\u1ea1 t\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 s\u1edf Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecb x\u00e3. Song v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e0nh c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi vang ra r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Irving Brown, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng Ch\u00e2u \u00e2u c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n Hoa K\u1ef3 AFL-CIO. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, 1977, khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Paris \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f9 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Ch\u00fac th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n To\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam mang t\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o. Brown th\u1ea5y ngay \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n Ch\u00fac th\u01b0, v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ra tay gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u00ean h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y th\u00eam ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n AFL-CIO, George Meany, v\u00e0 Paul Hall, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Paris. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 quen bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng Hall \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o m\u1eaft t\u00f4i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7 l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n. M\u00e1i t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 nghi\u00eam ngh\u1ecb, c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy. Trong m\u1eaft \u00f4ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn t\u00e0i t\u1eed. \u00d4ng ng\u1eaft l\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u1edbi v\u1ebb kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu : \u201cC\u00e1c anh n\u00f3i t\u00e0u \u2014 ship<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ec1n \u2014 boat<\/em>, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eafm. Sau bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, t\u00f4i m\u1eebng r\u1ee1 g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trong U\u1ef7 ban Con T\u00e0u th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tin b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd : \u201cCh\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n AFL-CIO h\u1ee9a gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Irving Brown \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u00e1t huy chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Paris v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1ea5c v\u00e0i c\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, Brown \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Leo Cherne <\/a>[9]<\/a>, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch U\u1ef7 ban C\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Bayard Rustin <\/a>[10]<\/a> tham gia h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o. Ti\u1ebfc thay cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea9y ra. Nguy\u00ean do v\u00ec c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 U\u1ef7 ban. Bernard Kouchner v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n AFL-CIO nh\u00fang tay, e ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o. Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1ea1i c\u1edb \u201cCon T\u00e0u Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd phi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfc xe c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1ecf neo b\u1ed3ng b\u1ec1nh tr\u00ean m\u00e9p bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. V\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, hay nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Alain Geismar, th\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n hy sinh th\u00e2n x\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecdng \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i h\u1ecd. M\u00e3i l\u00e2u sau, b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, Kouchner m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u01b0ng Irving Brown nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 n\u00ean b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i chi tr\u1ea3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn quan Ph\u00e1p (kho\u1ea3ng hai ngh\u00ecn M\u1ef9 kim) m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y cho vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p y t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e2n q\u0169y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 cho Con T\u00e0u l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110ang c\u01a1n b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. \u0110\u00e0i Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0 so\u1ea1n Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 xin ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n t\u00f4i. \u00d4ng k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ho\u00e0 Lan \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho phong tr\u00e0o Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u00f4i \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee9u Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng ta h\u1ecfi : \u201cV\u00ec sao \u00f4ng c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u00e0y ? B\u1ecdn n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t tham nh\u0169ng, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn ma c\u00f4, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00ec sao \u00f4ng \u2014 v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ?\u201d<\/em>. T\u00f4i nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1p : \u201cN\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111i c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng con l\u1ea1ch \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Amsterdam v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ch\u1ebft ch\u00ecm trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u00f4ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y ra sao ? \u00d4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng h\u1ecfi \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ch\u00ecm kia khuynh t\u1ea3 hay khuynh h\u1eefu ?\u201d \u2014 hay \u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y ngay xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ?\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh n\u0103m 1978, \u0111em v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0 Lan m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n. Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ho\u00e0 Lan g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng 8 tri\u1ec7u quan Ph\u00e1p (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u M\u1ef9 kim th\u1eddi \u1ea5y) \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (t\u00f4i nh\u1edb m\u00e3i khi Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0 Lan g\u1ecdi sang th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0ng ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi \u201cM\u1ea5y con zeros sau s\u1ed1 8 ?\u201d). M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. (V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u ra bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng do nh\u1eefng u\u1ef7 ban n\u1ed1i g\u00f3t ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Na Uy, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dd \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n kh\u00f4n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n ra \u2014 ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ra t\u00e0u cho thu\u00ea. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n thu\u00ea lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u c\u1eafm c\u1edd Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0u cho thu\u00ea \u1edf Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n. B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong tay \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration G\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Travail<\/em> (CGT, T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng). Th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u2014 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u1eed tri Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho phe C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia trong qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c trong ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng. Khi T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu\u00ea t\u00e0u \u0111i v\u1edbt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u1ecd li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1 b\u0129nh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn. Tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0y sang tu\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c k\u00e9o l\u00ea, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Ph\u00e1p kh\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i. Tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu Minute<\/em> ch\u1ea1y h\u00e0ng t\u00edt l\u1edbn \u201cCon T\u00e0u Ma\u201d, nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p LHumanit\u00e9<\/em> (Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i) tung nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i m\u1ea1 l\u1ef5 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch con t\u00e0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb tr\u1eddi xanh hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t. N\u1eeda khuya ti\u1ebfng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 g\u1ecdi t\u00f4i t\u1eeb Noum\u00e9a, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 x\u1ee9 New Caledonia, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa \u00dac ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Fiji. Ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 con t\u00e0u d\u00e0i t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u01b0\u1edbc cho thu\u00ea. T\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1edd Ph\u00e1p. B\u00e0 k\u1ec3 cho ch\u1ed3ng nghe chuy\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nguy bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do. \u00d4ng li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u mang t\u00ean k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u2014 \u00cele de Lumi\u00e8re<\/em> \u2014 \u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3. Chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u0169ng t\u1ed1i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e0u \u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng nh\u1ed5 neo v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 n\u0103m 1979 v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng y s\u0129 v\u00e0 y t\u00e1. T\u00e0u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o Pulau Bidong \u1edf M\u00e3 Lai cung c\u1ea5p thu\u1ed1c men v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho kho\u1ea3ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng chen ch\u00fac tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a hai ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m \u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u00e3 Lai xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n ra kh\u01a1i, \u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng ra kh\u01a1i v\u1edbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn k\u1ebb l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p h\u1ee9a cho nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0u v\u1edbt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5y, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eddi \u00c2u k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecd cho b\u00e1o ch\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u00c2u M\u1ef9. L\u1eddi k\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 nho\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn g\u00e1n l\u00ean h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia tham nh\u0169ng hay t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m chi\u1ebfn tranh : nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Saigon th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, ra \u0111i v\u1edbi hai t\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 th\u1ea3m n\u1ea1n r\u01a1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd qua t\u1eebng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m m\u1ee7i l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i l\u00ean n\u1ed7i l\u0103ng nh\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u00e1n h\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfu cho con c\u00e1i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e0u sang \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n. T\u0103ng s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Linh m\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, Tin L\u00e0nh, ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc hay t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0 H\u00e0o, Cao \u0110\u00e0i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u00f9 v\u00ec th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u01a1n ch\u00e3i nu\u00f4i con trong kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng, ch\u1eaft chiu nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 nh\u1ecf \u0111i th\u0103m nu\u00f4i ch\u1ed3ng. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng vai ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t n\u01a1i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ee5p m\u0169 \u201ct\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0 Pearl S. Buck hay Victor Hugo, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam v\u00ec tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kia trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u201ch\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\u201d kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t giam trong th\u00f9ng s\u1eaft, hay \u201cconnex\u201d, ban ng\u00e0y n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 l\u1eeda, \u0111\u00eam v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1nh th\u1ea5u x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ed1t cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa khai t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00f9 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i, l\u1eb1n ranh gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 t\u01a1. \u201cNh\u1eefng chi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a protein<\/em>\u201d, h\u1ecd n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 tranh nhau m\u1ed9t con gi\u00e1n, con nh\u1ec7n, con chu\u1ed9t nh\u1eaft\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u00edt b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3t Bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1ea3 khuynh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, \u00dd, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. (Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, c\u1eed tri b\u1ea7u cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n r\u01a1i t\u1eeb 25% xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 6, 7% th\u00f4i),<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u201cM\u1ed9t Chi\u1ebfc T\u00e0u Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. C\u00f3 ch\u0103ng trong t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i. Jean-Paul Sartre \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u anh d\u0169ng cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nay b\u1ed7ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u1ecd. V\u00ec sao nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ? L\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, t\u00f4i t\u1eebng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i v\u00ec tham gia cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng-c\u1ed9ng-s\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong \u1edf Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Bu\u1ed3n thay, Sartre \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u0103m 1979 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u00f9 h\u1eb3n, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 15.4.1980 v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00f9 ph\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i<\/strong> —————————————–<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[1]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea9y ra r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm cho thi h\u00e0o V\u0169 Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n H\u1ed3 H\u1eefu T\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u1edf tr\u1ea1i H\u00e0m T\u00e2n, s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 100 m\u00e9t quanh qua g\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u1ea7n Quang Kh\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0, th\u00ec H\u1ed3 H\u1eefu T\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eaft th\u1edf tr\u00ean xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[2]<\/a> [2] L\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u01a1 Th\u1ea1ch n\u0103m 1985 nh\u00e2n 10 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng (chi\u1ebfm Saigon).<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[3]<\/a> Xem Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam : Executions and Population Relocation<\/em>, by Jacqueline Desbarats, The Vietnam debate edited by John Norton Moore, 1990 and “Vietnam 1975-1982 : The Cruel Peace”, Desbarats and Jackson, 8 Wash. Q. 4 (Fall 1985). C\u01a1 s\u1edf Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u00e0 Jacquelines Debarats v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berkeley, Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n Tr\u1ea1i C\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[4]<\/a> Tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Saigon Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y 2.6.1975 \u00f4ng L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng : \u201cCh\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 v\u00e0o h\u1ed3 s\u01a1. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 \u0111i m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn tay sai. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ta c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m\u2026 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 [ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169] \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdn th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[5]<\/a> Andr\u00e9 Glucksmann x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ee5 t\u00e0u H\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng, v\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a anh s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0u SS Exodus<\/em> ch\u1edf \u0111i n\u0103m 1947, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t sinh m\u1ea1ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[6]<\/a> Khi H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc n\u0103m 1968, ng\u00e0y 25.8.1068 ch\u1ecb Natalya Gorbanevskaya \u0111\u1ea9y chi\u1ebfc n\u00f4i con m\u1edbi sinh 3 th\u00e1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean C\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ecf m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u1edf M\u1ea1c T\u01b0 Khoa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[7]<\/a> Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ly khai n\u1ed5i danh x\u1ee9 Ukraine nh\u1edd \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u00ean X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a sang Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1981, khi Nh\u00e0 in Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n do v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho con t\u00e0u \u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng ra kh\u01a1i v\u1edbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ba b\u00ean b\u1ed1n b\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1, Plyush k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ly khai Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u201cH\u1ed9i Nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea1n C\u1ee7a Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5u tranh Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9, \u0111\u0103ng l\u00f2i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tthe New York Review of Books (xem s\u00e1ch \u201cNguoi Tri Th\u1ee9c H\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 D\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 V\u0103n \u00c1i, NXB Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9, Paris 2010, trang 279).<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[8]<\/a> Vladimir Boukovsky nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ly khai Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u1ed5i danh, nh\u1edd \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do n\u0103m 1976 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Chili, sau 12 n\u0103m giam trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge Anh qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[9]<\/a> Leo Cherne nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch U\u1ef7 ban C\u1ee9u C\u1ea5p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Sau n\u00e0y, U\u1ef7 ban c\u1ee9u c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Cuba v\u00e0 Cam B\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[10]<\/a> Bayard Rustin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da m\u00e0u, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u201cTi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n\u201d n\u0103m 1963 n\u01a1i M\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Martin Luther King th\u1ed1t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 – I have a dream\u201d<\/em>. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" PARIS, ng\u00e0y 30.4.2014 (QU\u00ca M\u1eb8) – \u0110\u1ec3 T\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n : Ng\u00e0y 30 Th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 n\u0103m 1975, C\u01a1 s\u1edf Qu\u00ea M\u1eb9 : H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Quy\u1ec1n L\u00e0m Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau 1975 tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":380,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,114,67],"tags":[1328,163],"class_list":["post-2279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-thong-cao-bao-chi","category-tin-tuc","category-tin-ubbvqlnvn","tag-boatpeople","tag-vo-van-ai"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/380"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2279"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/queme.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/queme.org\/app\/uploads\/2014\/04\/WorldAffair.jpg\")
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04.2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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